Aldol-like Reactions
Michael reaction
Aldol condensations and aldol-like condensations yield α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
As they enable a nucleophilic attack on the polarized double bond, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds are critical starting products in many syntheses.
A nucleophilic attack on the double bond may be possible because of the double bond's polarization by the carbonyl group and the resonance stabilization of the α carbanion, which is generated by a nucleophilic attack on the β carbon, by conjugation with the carbonyl group.
The intermediate α carbanion is actually an enolate that is subsequently protonated to the enol. The enol is in equilibrium with the ketone or aldehyde through keto-enol tautomerism.
All in all, the reaction is a 1,4-addition to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. It is called Michael reaction (after Arthur Michael).
The original, classical Michael reaction is the addition of an enolate to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. In this case, the product of a Michael reaction is a 1,5-dicarbonyl compound. However, a variety of further nucleophiles may be applied.
If the nucleophile's nucleophilicity is low, the Michael reaction may occasionally be made possible through acid catalysis.
Theoretically, the Michael acceptor (the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound) contains two electrophilic positions, the β carbon and the carbonyl carbon. However, the product of the 1,4-addition usually exceeds the product of the 1,2-addition, as ...
- ... Michael reaction is reversible, and, thus, the thermodynamically more stable product, which contains the strong carbon-oxygen double bond, is favored.
- ... due to the Michael reaction's reversibility, the less stable 1,2-addition product is reconverted into the starting products and consequently into the more stable 1,4-addition product.
If extremely strong nucleophiles, such as hydrides or an alkyllithium compound, are applied to the Michael reaction, the reversibility is restricted. The reaction is then kinetically controlled. As a result, the 1,2-addition exceeds the 1,4-addition.
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